"The likelihood of the formation of life from inanimate matter is one to a number with 40,000 naughts [zeros] after it... It is big enough to bury Darwin and the whole theory of evolution. There was no primeval soup, neither on this planet nor any other, and if the beginnings of life were not random, they must therefore have been the product of purposeful intelligence." - Sir Fred Hoyle (Compare that number with the following: Age of universe in seconds 5 x 1017 Number of atoms in the universe 1080)
"I was a young man with unformed ideas, I threw out queries, suggestions, wondering all
the time over everything, and to my astonishment the ideas took like wildfire. People made
a religion out of them" - Charles Darwin.
"Unless transitional forms can be found in the fossil record, the theory of evolution is
worthless speculation" - Charles Darwin.
Factoid: There are currently no proven examples of transitional forms in the fossil record, only complete species. New alleged examples that appear every so often, seemingly out of a climate of sheer desperation, are found not to be so when further evidence is gathered. Many in fact turned out to be complete fabrications and hoaxes, or the result of wishful thinking and interpretation - an attempt at fame and peer adulation. By contrast, if evolution were singularly responsible for the creation of all species, there
should be many more times the number of transitional form fossils, than complete species fossils; yet even excepting the hoaxes there is a dramatic lack of supportive evidence. Evolution, therefore, does not even warrant the label of "theory", and is in fact a model based in fantasy, wishful thinking or blind faith.
It is similarly amusing to examine some "scientific" claims for the origin of the universe itself. The standard 'big bang' theory thus holds the following premise - "First there was nothing, then there was an explosion". This is perhaps a very fine example of "blind faith" or "fantasy".
The latest twist on what we will call evolutionist cultism, is the "hopeful monster" theory. It states that: "a reptile laid an egg and a bird came out". This theory also goes by the more sophisticated sounding title of "punctuated equilibrium".
In the November 12, 1997 issue of Trends in Ecology and Evolution vol 12 was published an article about the most recent known formula for mitochondrial mutation. The controversy is in the fact that while the formula is accepted as true, the projection states that the first female, Eve was approximately alive only 6,500 years ago!
Neanderthal man’s cranial capacity is actually slightly larger than that of "modern Man". His bone structure also indicates muscle and sinew that would make him far stronger than that of modern man. Cro-Magnon, an early Caucasian, had a larger brain capacity than that of modern man. The Mullions, a Semitic race was discovered living as an entire civilization that suddenly died, their cranial capacity also was larger than that of modern man. The Boskop man also had a larger brain capacity. How are these inconsistencies explained? If evolution by the process of natural selection were the truth, we would expect the superior life forms to survive and overtake the weaker - fossil remains indicate just the opposite. The Bible indicates instead a judgment from God upon the "son’s of God" and
their offspring, the "mighty men of renown" took place. What we find in the fossils is what was stated for thousands of years in the Bible; remains of a different species of human and altered human remains! [Go here for more detail on that subject and the new UFO religion replacing the void left by the collapse of Evolution]
Is the Starchild Skull really from a human-alien hybrid? Sept 15/09, Written by Danny Penman
“There are at least two dozen major physiological differences between this skull and that of a human. We’ve done genetic tests on the skull. The creature’s father was not human although his mother certainly was. My hunch is that the creature was a human-alien hybrid.”
So what do all these scientific discoveries mean? Many scientists believe that there is increasing evidence that a Designer’s “fingerprints” are coming into focus.
Dr. Robert Jastrow is a theoretical physicist who joined NASA when it was formed in 1958. Jastrow helped establish the scientific goals for the exploration of the moon during the Apollo lunar landings. He set up and directed NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies, which conducts research in astronomy and planetary science. Jastrow wrote these thoughts that summarize the view of many scientists.
“For the scientist who has lived by his faith in the power of reason, the story ends like a bad dream. He has scaled the mountains of ignorance; he is about to conquer the highest peak; as he pulls himself over the final rock, he is greeted by a band of theologians who have been sitting there for centuries.”
Missing transitional forms... the Cambrian Explosion: bigger problem now than when Darwin first addressed problem.
Here are two interesting anomalies that indicate we have a much different past that what we have been taught in the public school system and media. Left photo: Dinosaur and human foot prints found crossing paths on a Texas riverbed in Pulixe. Right: a hammer found in Cambrian strata. It's iron head and wooden handle are solidified in sandstone. Metallurgical studies show that it was constructed of a type of iron that could not have been made under present atmospheric conditions. http://www.echoesofenoch.org/museum5%20UH_Gen3G6.htm
Is there any science to evolution?
"My attempts to demonstrate evolution by an experiment carried on for more than 40 years have completely failed." - N.H.Nilson, famous botanist and evolutionist
"Under slightly reducing conditions, the Miller-Urey action does not produce amino acids, nor does it produce the chemicals that may serve as the predecessors of other important biopolymer building blocks. Thus, by challenging the assumption of a reducing atmosphere, we challenge the very existence of the "prebiotic soup", with its richness of biologically important organic compounds. Moreover, so far, no geochemical evidence for the existence of a prebiotic soup has been published. Indeed, a number of scientists have challenged the prebiotic soup concept, noting that even if it existed, the concentration of organic building blocks in it would have been too small to be meaningful for prebiotic evolution." Noam Lahav (1999) Biogenesis: Theories of Life's Origins Oxford University Press, 1999, p138-139
"There is no agreement on the extent to which metabolism could develop independently of a genetic material. In my opinion, there is no basis in known chemistry for the belief that long sequences of reactions can organize spontaneously -- and every reason to believe that they cannot. The problem of achieving sufficient specificity, whether in aqueous solution or on the surface of a mineral, is so severe that the chance of closing a cycle of reactions as complex as the reverse citric acid cycle, for example, is negligible." Orgel, Leslie (1998) "The origin of life -- a review of facts and speculations," Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 23 (Dec 1998): 491-495. (pp. 494-495)
"To suppose that the eye with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree." - Charles Darwin, Origin of Species, chapter "Difficulties"
"Not one change of species into another is on record ... we cannot prove that a single species has been changed." - Charles Darwin, My Life & Letters
"A growing number of respectable scientists are defecting from the evolutionist camp ... moreover, for the most part these 'experts' have abandoned Darwinism, not on the basis of religious faith or biblical persuasions, but on scientific grounds, and in some instances, regretfully." - Wolfgang Smith, Ph.D., physicist and mathematician
"I am not satisfied that Darwin proved his point or that his influence in scientific and public thinking has been beneficial . . the success of Darwinism was accomplished by a decline in scientific integrity." - W.R. Thompson, Introduction to *Charles Darwin's, Origin of the Species [Canadian scientist].
"One of the determining forces of scientism was a fantastic accidental imagination which could explain every irregularity in the solar system without explanation, leap the gaps in the atomic series without evidence [a gap required by the Big Bang theory], postulate the discovery of fossils which have never been discovered, and prophesy the success of breeding experiments which have never succeeded. Of this kind of science it might truly be said that it was `knowledge falsely so called." - David C.C. Watson, The Great Brain Robbery (1976).
"In conclusion, evolution is not observable, repeatable, nor refutable, and thus does not qualify as either a scientific fact nor theory."- Dr. David N.Menton, PhD in Biology from Brown University.
The odds calculated by Morowitz and Hoyle are staggering. Think of it this way, the chances of winning the state lottery every week of your life from the age of 18 to 99 are better than the odds of a single-celled organism being formed by random chance. The probability of spontaneous generation is about the same as the probability that a tornado sweeping through a junkyard could assemble a 747 from the contents therein. It is impossible. The evidence all points to the unavoidable conclusion that we not the product of chance or evolution, but the result of intelligent design. - Francis Collins, who Cracked the Genome.
"The only competing explanation for the order we all see in the biological world is the notion of Special Creation." - Niles Eldridge, PhD., palaeontologist and evolutionist, American Museum of Natural History
"I think, however, that we must go further than this and admit that the only acceptable explanation is creation. I know that this is anathema to physicists, as indeed it is to me, but we must not reject a theory that we do not like if the experimental evidence supports it." - H. Lipson, "A Physicist Looks at Evolution," Physics Bulletin, 31 (1980), p. 138
"The more scientists have searched for the transitional forms that lie between species, the more they have been frustrated." - John Adler with John Carey: Is Man a Subtle Accident, Newsweek, Vol.96, No.18 (November 3, 1980, p.95)
"No fossils have been found that can be considered transitional between the major groups or phyla. From the beginning, these organisms were just clearly and distinctly set apart from each other as they are today. Instead of finding a record of fine graduations preserved in the fossil record, we invariably find large gaps. This fact is absolutely FATAL to the general theory of evolution." - Scott M. Huges. PH.D
"However, the macromolecule-to-cell transition is a jump of fantastic dimensions, which lies beyond the range of testable hypothesis. In this area, all is conjecture. The available facts do not provide a basis for postulating that cells arose on this planet .... We simply wish to point out the fact that there is no scientific evidence." David Green and Robert Goldberger (1967) Molecular Insights Into the Living Process New York: Academic Press, pp. 406-407 (David Green is a biochemist at the University of Wisconsin. Robert Goldberger is a biochemist at the National Institute of Health
"The entire hominid collection known today would barely cover a billiard table, but it has spawned a science because it is distinguished by two factors which inflate its apparent relevance far beyond its merits. First, the fossils hint at the ancestry of a supremely self-important animal - ourselves. Secondly, the collection is so tantalisingly incomplete, and the specimens themselves often so fragmented and inconclusive, that more can be said about what is missing than about what is present. Hence the amazing quantity of literature on the subject ever since Darwin's work inspired the notion that fossils linking modern man and extinct ancestor would provide the most convincing proof of human evolution, preconceptions have led evidence by the nose in the study of fossil man." - John Reader, Whatever Happened to Zinjanthropus? New Scientist Vol. 89, No.12446 (March 26,1981) pp 802-805
"That a mindless, purposeless, chance process such as natural selection, acting on the sequels of recombinant DNA or random mutation, most of which are injurious or fatal, could fabricate such complexity and organisation as the vertebrate eye, where each component part must carry out its own distinctive task in a harmoniously functioning optical unit, is inconceivable. The absence of transitional forms between the invertebrates retina and that of the vertebrates poses another difficulty. Here there is a great gulf fixed which remains inviolate with no seeming likelihood of ever being bridged. The total picture speaks of intelligent creative design of an infinitely high order." - H.S.Hamilton (MD) The Retina of the Eye - An Evolutionary Road Block
"Once we see, however, that the probability of life originating at random is so utterly minuscule as to make the random concept absurd, it becomes sensible to think that the favourable properties of physics, on which life depends, are in every respect deliberate... Sir Fred Hoyle
"Is it really credible that random processes could have constructed a reality, the smallest element of which - a functional protein or gene - is complex beyond ... anything produced by the intelligence of man?" - Molecular biologist Michael Denton, Evolutionist: A Theory in Crisis (London: Burnett Books, 1985) p 342
"Between a living cell and the most highly ordered non-biological system, such as a crystal or a snowflake, there is a chasm as vast and absolute as it is possible to conceive." Denton, Michael Evolution: A Theory in Crisis Bethesda, MD: Adler and Adler Publishers, Inc., 1986 pp. 249-250
"I believe that Darwin's mechanism for evolution doesn't explain much of what is seen under a microscope. Cells are simply to complex to have evolved randomly. Intelligence was required to produce them." - Michael J. Behe
"Molecular evolution is not based on scientific authority. There is no publication in the scientific literature in prestigious journals, specialty journals, or books that describes how molecular evolution of any real, complex, biochemical system either did occur or even might have occurred. There are assertions that such evolution occurred, but absolutely none are supported by pertinent experiments or calculations." Behe, Michael J. (1996) Darwin's Black Box The Free Press, p. 185
"None of five museum officials could offer a single example of a transitional series of fossilised organisms that would document the transformation of one basically different type to another." - Luther Sunderland, science researcher
"Modern apes ... seem to have sprung out of nowhere. They have no yesterday, no fossil record. And the true origin of modern humans ... is, if we are to be honest with ourselves, an equally mysterious matter." - Lyall Watson, Ph.D., Evolutionist
"It is easy enough to make up stories, of how one form gave rise to another, and to find reasons why the stages should be favoured by natural selection. But such stories are not part of science, for there is no way of putting them to the test." - Luther D Sutherland, Darwin's Enigma, Master Books 1988, p89
"The universe and the laws of physics seem to have been specifically designed for us." - Stephen Hawking
"The evolutionist thesis has become more stringently unthinkable than ever before." - Wolfgang Smith Ph.D.
"Eighty to eighty-five percent of earth's land surface does not have even 3 geological periods appearing in 'correct' consecutive order ... it becomes an overall exercise of gargantuan special pleading and imagination for the evolutionary-uniformitarian paradigm to maintain that there ever were geologic periods." - John Woodmorappe, geologist
"The theory of evolution suffers from grave defects, which are more and more apparent as time advances. It can no longer square with practical scientific knowledge." - Dr A Fleishmann, Zoologist, Erlangen University
"It is good to keep in mind ... that nobody has ever succeeded in producing even one new species by the accumulation of micromutations. Darwin's theory of natural selection has never had any proof, yet it has been universally accepted." - Prof. R Goldschmidt PhD, DSc Prof. Zoology, University of Calif. in Material Basis of Evolution Yale Univ. Press
"The theory of the transmutation of species is a scientific mistake, untrue in its facts, unscientific in its method, and mischievous in its tendency." - Prof. J Agassiz, of Harvard in Methods of Study in Natural History
"Evolution is baseless and quite incredible." - Dr Ambrose Fleming, President, British Assoc. Advancement of Science, in The Unleashing of Evolutionary Thought
"Overwhelming strong proofs of intelligent and benevolent design lie around us ... The atheistic idea is so nonsensical that I cannot put it into words." - Lord Kelvin, Vict. Inst., 124, p267
"We have to admit that there is nothing in the geological records that runs contrary to the views of conservative creationists." - Evolutionist Edmund Ambrose
"No matter how numerous they may be, mutations do not produce any kind of evolution." - Pierre-Paul Grasse, Evolutionist
Now if all those dissenting opinions still don't impresses you, and convince you that evolution "theory" is (at best) subjective wishful thinking, or an act of blind faith..... Then have a look at this list of HUNDREDS more scientists who have grave concerns about Evolution theory.
A SCIENTIFIC DISSENT FROM DARWINISM
"We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged."
Here are the names from the firstof the seventeen pages of names that appear there:
Philip Skell Emeritus, Evan Pugh Prof. of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State
University Member of the National Academy of Sciences
Lyle H. Jensen Professor Emeritus, Dept. of Biological Structure & Dept. of
Biochemistry University of Washington, Fellow AAAS
Maciej Giertych Full Professor, Institute of Dendrology Polish Academy of
Sciences
Lev Beloussov Prof. of Embryology, Honorary Prof., Moscow State University
Member, Russian Academy of Natural Sciences
Eugene Buff Ph.D. Genetics Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian
Academy of Sciences
Emil Palecek Prof. of Molecular Biology, Masaryk University; Leading
Scientist Inst. of Biophysics, Academy of Sci., Czech Republic
K. Mosto Onuoha Shell Professor of Geology & Deputy Vice-Chancellor, Univ.
of Nigeria Fellow, Nigerian Academy of Science
Ferenc Jeszenszky Former Head of the Center of Research Groups Hungarian
Academy of Sciences
M.M. Ninan Former President Hindustan Academy of Science, Bangalore
University (India)
Denis Fesenko Junior Research Fellow, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular
Biology Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia)
Sergey I. Vdovenko Senior Research Assistant, Department of Fine Organic
Synthesis Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry
Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences (Ukraine)
Henry Schaefer Director, Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry
University of Georgia
Paul Ashby Ph.D. Chemistry Harvard University
Israel Hanukoglu Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Chairman
The College of Judea and Samaria (Israel)
Alan Linton Emeritus Professor of Bacteriology University of Bristol (UK)
Dean Kenyon Emeritus Professor of Biology San Francisco State University
David W. Forslund Ph.D. Astrophysics, Princeton University Fellow of
American Physical Society
Robert W. Bass Ph.D. Mathematics (also: Rhodes Scholar; Post-Doc at
Princeton) Johns Hopkins University
John Hey Associate Clinical Prof. (also: Fellow, American Geriatrics
Society) Dept. of Family Medicine, Univ. of Mississippi
Daniel W. Heinze Ph.D. Geophysics (also: Post-Doc Fellow, Carnegie Inst. of
Washington) Texas A&M University
Richard Anderson Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Policy
Duke University
David Chapman* Senior Scientist Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Giuseppe Sermonti Professor of Genetics, Ret. (Editor, Rivista di
Biologia/Biology Forum) University of Perugia (Italy)
Stanley Salthe Emeritus Professor Biological Sciences Brooklyn College of
the City University of New York
Donald Ewert Ph.D. Microbiology University of Georgia
Bernard d'Abrera Visiting Scholar, Department of Entomology British Museum
(Natural History)
The evolutionary scientists argue that
natural selection provides the answer as to why random chance would
result in the progressive evolution of life. Natural selection requires
continuous progressive development at every successive step. However,
random evolution cannot possess understanding and planning and thus
produce a half-formed heart as a transition in order to ultimately form
a final heart. How could the heart have been produced by evolution in
stages as natural selection demands it to have been formed by step by
step mutations in gradual stages? Obviously, until the heart was fully
formed and functional it was of no use whatsoever. “It seems that
evolutionists, whether consciously or unconsciously, have regarded the
blind and inanimate forces of the environment, or nature, as having the
ability to create and think.” 3
How Could the Hemoglobin in our Blood be
Produced by Chance?
Dr. David Humphreys of McMaster University
recently gave a speech called “Evidence for a Creator” in which he
suggested that conventional science has produced substantial evidence
that the universe, and hence life on Earth, was created by an
intelligent rational being (a speech at the University of Waterloo,
Canada on July 12, 1997).Dealing primarily with the evidence
from chemistry and biology, Dr. Humphreys compared the theory of
evolution which suggests everything was produced by random chance,
against the theory that an intelligent being, namely God the Creator,
created the universe.Dr. Humphreys suggests that it is
statistically improbable and unreasonable to assume that the universe
was created by pure chance, given the statistical improbability of life
occurring on earth, the complexity and diversity of biological life
forms, and the current estimated age of the universe. For Humphreys, it
is more logical and more consistent with current scientific evidence to
conclude that the universe and life were produced as a result of
intelligent design.
Dr. Humphreys noted that hemoglobin molecules in
our blood are composed of twenty amino acids that occur in nature. These
twenty amino acids could be arranged by random chance into a total of 10650possible chemical combinations. However, only one of those
nearly infinite combinations would produce the correct complex
hemoglobin molecule that is essential for the blood system of billions
of animals and human beings. “The simultaneous formation of two or more
molecules of this complexity is so improbable as to be inconceivable . . .
Some people argue that given enough time
the improbable may become probable. Although five billion years for the
age of the earth sounds like a long time, it is actually less than 1018
seconds. If the sequence of each protein molecule could be changed a
thousand times per second, there could be only a total of 1067sequences in five billion years.”4 In other words,
even five billion years would not be enough time for evolution to form
the hemoglobin in our blood by random chance.
Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe discussed
his conclusions from his years of research on the possibility of life
forming in this prebiotic soup in the earth’s oceans by random chance.
And from the point of view of geo-chemistry
and terrestrial experiments, if you look at the early earth as a
possible site for manufacturing life, it turns out that the case is
non-existent, I would say, for such a thing happening on the earth
. . .
All that I am sure about is that life could
not have happened on the earth spontaneously.5
Professor Chandra Wickramasinghe has
written that years of laboratory research has provided powerful evidence
that the evolutionary theory of the development of biological life on
earth is simply impossible. The scientist concluded that complex
biological life could not have formed by chance even if we supposed
that the prebiotic soup existed on earth (the evidence shows that the
prebiotic soupcould not have formed on earth). Furthermore, even if we suppose
that a simple form of micro-organism life actually formed by chance
(which has been proven to be impossible) the evolution of that simple
life into the complex forms as witnessed in millions of insect species,
etc. is still impossible.
These scientists have shown that every one
of the essential steps required by the evolutionary theory is fatally
flawed.
Furthermore, even if every one of the these
essential steps to evolve life by chance was possible (and they are not
possible), the evolution of increasingly complex life forms from simple
one-celled biological life forms by random mutations is still
impossible. Professor Wickramasinghe summarizes the absurdity of this
theory.
If you start with a simple micro-organism
no matter how it arose on the earth, primordial soup or otherwise, then
if you just have that single organizational, informational unit and you
said that you copied this sequentially time and time again, the question
is does that accumulate enough copying errors, enough mistakes in
copying, and do these accumulations of copying errors lead to the
diversity of living forms that one sees on the earth. That’s the general
usual formulation of the Theory of Evolution ...It’s been claimed that
the combination of the mistakes and the selection leads to the steady
evolution of life. We looked at this quite systematically, quite
carefully, in numerical terms. Checking all the numbers, rates of
mutation and so on, we decided that there is no way in which that could
even marginally approach the truth. On the contrary, any organized
living system that developed or emerged say in the form of a microbe, 4
billion years ago, if it was allowed to copy itself time and time again,
it would have destroyed itself essentially
. . .
For every favorable mutation there will be
hundreds of unfavorable mutations.6
Aside from the obvious impossible odds
against a particular species of life developing by random chance without
design, we need to keep in mind that there are more than three million
existing species of insects, together with thousands of species of
mammals, reptiles, and birds. Remember, for evolution to be true, every
one of these millions of individual species would have needed to beat
the unimaginably large odds against the accidental evolution of its own
species. To anyone who is willing to look at these odds, it is obvious
that the origin of millions of separate species cannot be explained by
the theory of evolution.
The Evidence of Design
The huge advances in genetic research in
the last four decades have enabled scientists to unlock some of the vast
mysteries of the DNA genetic code which determines the formation of
every organ in your body, the color of your eyes and whether or not you
will have black hair or blonde. The recent science called Information
Theory allows us to analyse mathematically
the information patterns of a written language such as English.
Recently researchers studied the information patterns encoded in the
double helix DNA of simple, one-celled bacteria. Incredibly, the
scientists discovered that identical mathematical information patterns
exist in human language as exists in DNA. The information patterns in a
language such as English can be mathematically analyzed because the
information forms a purposeful pattern. Obviously, by definition,
information in a language is purposeful, not random. If words were
thrown together by random chance, they would not convey information.
When we find words in patterns of sentences expressing meaningful
information, we naturally conclude that this information was created by
an intelligent mind like our own.
All living biological organisms are
incredibly complex. When we examine the simplest one-celled bacterial
organism, we discover an almost unbelievable complexity of miniaturized
design that makes the technical specifications for a modern automobile
look relatively simple. Biologists realize that the simplest cell is not
simple at all. A cell is an enormously complex structure that is far
more complicated than a computer. The smallest of cells is composed of
over fifty billion atoms arranged into one hundred different proteins,
together with the staggering amount of information encoded in the DNA
and RNA that govern its activities, nutrition, repair, and replication.
The problem for evolution is that it takes all of the above to function
at all. You can’t start with part of this material because everything is
necessary to function as a whole.
Dr. A. E. Wilder-Smith wrote about the
awesome complexity of the biological cells:
When one considers that the entire
chemical information to construct a man, elephant, frog, or an orchid
was compressed into two minuscule reproductive cells [sperm and egg
nuclei, one can only be astounded. In addition to this, all the
information is available on the genes to repair the body (not only to
construct it) when it is injured. If one were to request an engineer to
accomplish this feat of information miniaturization, one would be
considered fit for the psychiatric clinic.7
Logically, the discovery of incredibly
complex information patterns encoded within the double helix DNA genetic
code governing all biological life provides overwhelming evidence that
an intelligent designer must have created this DNA. Professor Geisler
wrote about the significance of the DNA information patterns, “It is
scientifically necessary to point to intelligence as the cause of the
first living cell.” The Bible reveals that this supernatural
intelligence is God: “In the beginning God created the heaven and the
earth” (Genesis 1:1).
When the evolutionary scientist examines
fossils, he finds that very complex entities appear quite suddenly in
the fossil record without any evidence of simpler forms existing before
them. For example, the trilobites, which supposedly evolved in the
far-distant past, are found with incredibly complex compound lens in
their eyes. The only answer that fits the evidence is that each of these
marvelously designed species was created in perfection by a supernatural
designer.
However, when we consider the design of the
human brain, we are filled with absolute awe. The human brain weighs
only three pounds but this small organ is now known to be the most
complicated and masterfully designed machine in the universe. The
complex design of the brain is far in advance of the greatest computers
ever designed or that man could ever design. Each of our brains contains
up to fifty billion neurons, special communication cells, as well as an
additional three hundred billion glial cells. Incredibly every one of
the fifty billion neuron cells is connected with every other neuron
cell. Each microscopically small neuron cell has thousands of slender
dendrites which interconnect with other dendrites from other neurons.
The point of connection between these dendrites is called a synapse.
Some researches calculate that your brain contains up to a thousand
trillion synapses. Astonishingly, recent research confirms that some
neurons are communicating information to as many as 50,000 other
neurons. This phenomenally complex design makes it possible for the
brain to communicate amongst its billions of neurons instantaneously. As
a result of this awesome design, our human brain can store and
manipulate almost infinite amounts of data. The capabilities of the
brain are staggering. Anyone who can declare that the marvelously
complex brain evolved from a simple one-celled organism through random
chance mutation is kidding.
The brilliant English astronomer Sir Fred
Hoyle, the Professor of Astronomy at Cambridge University, wrote that it
was virtually impossible that life has formed through evolutionary
means. Professor Hoyle wrote this memorable phrase to describe the
likelihood of evolution as a solution to the question of the origin of
animals and man. “The chance that higher life forms might have emerged
in this way is comparable with the chance that ‘a tornado sweeping
through a junk-yard might assemble a Boeing 747 from the materials
therein.”’8
What About the Fossil Evidence
—
the Missing Links?
The theory of evolution declares that
simple forms of life gradually mutated over long periods of time to
produce successive and gradual changes in a species until it actually
formed a new species. Charles Darwin was troubled by the fact that the
new science of paleontology had failed to find a single fossil that
provided any evidence of these transitional forms or “missing links.”
Darwin wrote, “I have asked myself whether I may not have devoted my
life to a fantasy . .
. I
. . .
am ready to cry with vexation at my
blindness and presumption.”9 He also admitted, “If it could
be demonstrated that any complex organism existed which could not
possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications,
my theory would absolutely break down.”
However, writing in 1850 Darwin
optimistically predicted that, as more scientists joined the search, it
was certain that thousands of these missing link fossils would show up
in the fossil record and thereby prove the truth of his evolutionary
theory.
Why then is not every geological formation
and every stratum full of such intermediate links?
Geology assuredly does not reveal any
such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most
obvious and serious objection which can be urged against the theory. The
explanation lies, as I believe, in the extreme imperfection of the
geological record.’10
In other words, Charles Darwin explained
the total lack of missing links as a result of the fact that they
had only begun in the 1850's to search for these transitional forms.
These transitional forms are intermediate forms of life appearing in the
fossils that would provide evidence of a stage between existing
organisms and ones from the past. However, Charles Darwin was honest
enough to admit that the absence of transitional forms or missing links
would prove that his theory was false. Darwin wrote, “Why, if species
have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we
not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature
in confusion instead of the species being, as we see them, well
defined?” The obvious answer is that the well defined species found
everywhere in the fossil record is precisely what you would expect to
find if the theory of special creation of the universe and life by God’s
supernatural action is true. The Bible declares that God created each of
the many species “after his kind” which is exactly what the fossil
record confirms (Genesis
1:24, 25).
The
evolutionists in desperation point to one single fossil,
discovered in Austria, which is known as archaeopteryx. They boldly
claim that this archaeopteryx fossil provides the absolute evidence of a
“missing link” or transitional form between primitive dinosaurs and
birds. However, despite the fact that this fossil displays a set of
unusual teeth, everything else about the fossil reveals that it is a
true bird, complete with fully developed wings, feathers, and warm
blood. Although the presence of teeth is unusual, this in no way proves
that this fossil was partly a bird and partly a dinosaur as the
evolutionary textbooks proudly affirm. God has produced some very
strange creatures on this planet, including the duck-billed platypus
that has the beak of a bird but the other characteristics of a mammal.
There is still no conclusive evidence of a single missing link, let
alone the millions that must exist if the theory of evolution was true.
One hundred and fifty years after the death
of Charles Darwin most evolutionary scientists are deeply embarrassed by
the total absenceof transitional forms in the
fossil record. If evolution truly developed over millions of years, the
planet would be filled with missing link fossils that would demonstrate
the gradual series of mutations representing a continuum of change in
the fossil record. However, biologists know that mutations are random,
very small, and almost always harmful to the organism. This reality
about the nature of mutations makes it impossible to believe that random
mutations could account for the constant improvements in organisms that
evolutionary theory demands. Virtually all mutations that have been
observed in the laboratory have proven to be harmful, or even fatal, to
the organism. Evolutionary scientists admit that more than 999 mutations
in a thousand proved to be harmful or fatal. 11
Despite the fact that tens of thousands of
scientists and millions of dedicated amateurs have been searching
worldwide for these missing link fossils for a century and a half they
have never found a single example. Therefore, the evidence is clear that
there is no evolutionary continuum. When the fossil record is carefully
examined we find that it reveals both extinct species and existing
organisms with clearly defined gaps between them with no transitional
forms. This fossil record is precisely what you would expect to find if
the Bible’s account of special creation is true.
Does the Fossil Record Support the
Theory of Evolution?
Dr. Stephen Jay Gold, the Professor of
Geology and Paleontology at Harvard University, is a strong and eloquent
supporter of evolution but he is honest enough to admit that the
evidence from the fossil record does not support evolution. Dr. Gold
admits that the number of transitional forms is extremely rare! How
rare? The answer is Zero! They have never found one. Dr. Gold
actually admits that the illustrations in the evolutionary science
textbooks and documentaries are total inventions of creative artists
because they do not represent scientific facts. Dr. Stephen Gold wrote
the following statement in an article for Natural History
magazine:
The extreme rarity of transitional forms
in the fossil record persists as the trade secret of paleontology. The
evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips
and nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable,
not the evidence of fossils. Yet Darwin was so wedded to gradualism
that he wagered his entire theory on a denial of this literal record:
The geological record is extremely imperfect and this fact will to a
large extent explain why we do not find interminable varieties,
connecting together all the extinct and existing forms of life by the
finest graduated steps. He who rejects these views on the nature of the
geological record, will rightly reject my whole theory.’12
Incredibly, Professor Gold admits that the
claims of science textbooks that the fossil record supports evolution is
false. “I wish only to point out that it was never ‘seen’ in the
rocks.. .
we view our data as so bad that we
never see the very process we profess to study.”
In other words, he admits that the fossil record does not support the
theory of evolution. Since special creation is the only logical
alternative to the theory of evolution, the fossil record that only
reveals distinct species actually supports the theory of special
creation.
The Latest Evolutionary Retreat
—
Macroevolution or “Punctuated Evolution”
Many evolutionary scientists have admitted
that the fossil record provides no evidence whatsoever of the
transitional steps or missing links demanded by the evolutionary theory.
However, they are now proposing a new theory of evolution called
macro-evolution or “punctuated evolution,” in which they admit that
there is no observed change in a species for millions of years and then,
suddenly, these animals change spontaneously to a new species without
any gradual or transitional process. This modification of Darwin’s
theory is, in fact, a total repudiation of his theory of gradual
accumulated mutations over millions of years of uniform processes. The
real motivation behind their creation of this new theory of “punctuated
evolution” is their growing embarrassment that no fossil evidence has
been found that shows gradual transitions from simple forms to more
complex forms of animals. According to this new theory, this rapid
change in one generation accounts for the evolution without any evidence
for gradual change remaining in the fossil record. This is not science!
This new theory is a vain attempt to
explain the fact that none of the data in the fossil record
provides evidence for the theory of evolution.
The Fossil Record Does Not Support
Evolution
Professor Ronald R. West, Assistant
Professor of Paleobiology at Kansas State University confirmed what Dr.
Stephen Gold and others have finally admitted
—
the fossils do not support evolution at
all. This fact of course is absolutely the opposite of what virtually
every student in the western world was told during his or her science
courses. We were constantly told in science and biology courses in high
school that the fossil record “proves” the truth of evolution and
totally contradicts the Bible’s account of special creation. In May 1968
Professor West wrote an article in the scientific journal Compass in
which he made the following admission:
Contrary to what most scientists write,
the fossil record does not support the Darwinian theory of evolution
because it is this theory (there are several) which we use to interpret
the fossil record. By doing so we are guilty of circular reasoning if we
then say the fossil record supports this theory.13
What About the Twelve Fossils of Ape-Men
Showing Evolution?
One of the most effective techniques to
convince the average person that the evolutionary theory is true is the
continual referral to the discovery of a series of twelve hominid
fossils that were discovered during the last hundred and fifty years of
paleontology. These “missing-link” ape-men creatures supposedly
demonstrate the evolution from primitive apes to modern men. The
evolutionists have confidently presented each of these discoveries as
the promised “missing links,” the ape-men which existed as the
transition between our ancient ancestors, the apes and the evolution of
modern version of homo sapiens. However, a detailed examination of the
actual fossil record reveals an astonishing account of fraud, mistaken
identification, and outright misrepresentation Few readers of these
“scientific” accounts of evolutionary discoveries of “ape-men” in the
popular press know that these so-called hominids often consist of little
more than a tooth, a jaw fragment, a portion of an elbow or knee joint.
From this sparse material the scientist and their willing accomplices,
the evolutionary textbook artists, create an imaginary illustration of
a complete human being based on a single bone or tooth!
These evolutionary cavemen illustrations
are accepted by the vast majority in our Western culture as overwhelming
scientific proof that man developed by gradual transitions through
evolutionary processes from an ancient monkey-like ancestor to the
introduction of homo sapiens, modern man. However, a careful examination
of the actual evidence reveals that this presentation of the evolution
of man is a pure fiction based solely upon the underlying evolutionary
presuppositions of the scientists. Some of these “discoveries” of small
portions of bone and teeth were actually found miles away from the other
bone particles that they connect together to form a complete new hominid
fossil skeleton.
Other “discoveries” of hominid fossils have
proven to be the bones of pigs, donkeys, or apes. Occasionally, these
discoveries prove to be a complete hoax, such as the Piltdown Man that
was accepted by scientists as legitimate for fifty years. Finally,
detailed examination in 1953proved that someone had placed a modern human skull cap on
top of the jaw of an ape in the original site fifty years earlier.
Hundreds of researchers and scientists wrote more than 500 treatises
about the Piltdown Man as a direct ancestor of modern man during the
fifty years that followed the discovery until it was proved that this
was a cruel hoax.
Another important hominid fossil discovery
is known as Ramapithecus, which was held forth as the primary “missing
link” between apes and humans for nearly fifty years. However, few
people understood that the whole imaginary skeleton of Ramapithecus was
based solely on some teeth. Unfortunately for the evolutionary theory,
someone examined the teeth and discovered that they were actually the
teeth of a modern orangutan (an ape), not the teeth of an evolutionary
ape-man.14
The Neanderthal Man convinced many that the
scientists had proven the theory of the evolution. However, further
research has proved that Neanderthal Man is a fossil of a modern man.
The deformed skull was caused by serious damage to his brain. In fact,
Neanderthal Man turns out to be a fairly recent human skeleton of a man
who suffered from a vitamin D deficiency that produced the disease known
as rickets which accounted for the ridges over the eyebrows and his
curved leg bones. However, most people who were taught evolution in
school still believe that we are descended from cavemen ancestors with
heavy ridges on their eyebrows. Not one of the other fossilized
skeletons have these raised eyebrows (that resulted from the disease of
rickets). “Scientists have concluded that all of the so-called primitive
features of Neanderthal people were due to pathological conditions, or
diseases.”15
My personal favorite character in the
imaginary evolutionary lineup is the so-called Nebraska Man whose
remains were discovered in 1922in the western portion of the state of Nebraska. The head of
the American Museum of History, Dr. Henry F. Osborn, announced that this
was evidence of the “missing link” between ancient chimpanzees, Java Man
and modern man. Detailed drawings of this illustrious caveman ancestor
(and his wife!) with his club were printed in various publications
including the Illustrated London Times in 1922.However, the artists had to create the entire skeleton,
muscles, face, skull, and hair out of their pure imagination because the
only thing the scientist actually found was a single tooth! The
punch line to this sad evolutionary joke is that the single tooth
finally turned out to be the tooth of an extinct pig.16
The discovery of another missing link,
the “Lucy” found in Ethiopia, supposedly provided powerful evidence of
another link in the evolution of man. The scientists announced that Lucy
was about three and a half feet high, walked erect, and lived over three
million years ago. Lucy was described as an early ancestor of modern
humans. They catalogued Lucy as “Anstralopithecus afaarensis.
However, few people knew that the knee joint used by the scientists to
prove that Lucy walked upright as a human rather than an ape was found
two miles away from the original discovery of bones. Only a fool would
believe that this knee joint was positively related to the rest of her
bones which were found two miles away. The scientists wisely refrained
from telling the public about this small detail. It is well known in
scientific circles that Lucy is another fiction in the ongoing tale of
evolution. “Lucy —when they required a knee joint to prove that Lucy
walked upright, they used one found more than 200feet lower in
the (earth) and more than two miles away. 17
Further digging at the “Lucy” site found
fossilized bones of extremely ape-like creatures with chimpanzee-sized
forearms that made it very likely that these creatures walked on four
feet as opposed to the erect walking on two feet by humans (Nature,
368:449—451 1994.).
One of the most famous of the paleontologists is Richard
Leakey, the son of the eminent evolutionary scientists Louis and Mary
Leakey. Dr. Richard Leakey identified Lucy as a hominoid, a definite
ancestor of mankind. However, Richard Leakey admitted that the
paleontologists are often working from their imagination more than from
the actual fossil evidence, which is usually so meager. “Our task is not
unlike attempting to assemble a 3-dimensional jigsaw puzzle in which
most of the pieces are missing, and those few bits which are at hand are
broken!” Some of the scientists have candidly admitted that their
preconceived opinions in favor of evolution govern to a great degree the
conclusions they reach about their fossil evidence. Dr. Gareth Nelson of
the American Museum of Natural History admitted this in the following
statement. “We’ve got to have some ancestors. We’ll pick those. Why?
Because we know they have to be there, and these are the best
candidates. That’s by and large the way it has worked. I am not
exaggerating.” 18
Nine of the Twelve “Missing Links” Have
Been Proven to be Apes
An analysis of the so-called
“missing link” evidence showing the evolutionary development of man from
apes includes twelve supposed hominid fossils presented by evolutionary
scientists as evidence of the gradual evolutionary transition from apes
to man. However, recent research had proven that nine of these twelve
examples of ape-men are actually extinct forms of apes or monkeys and
have no relationship to modern humans. Significantly, these nine
“missing link” fossil examples that have proven to be extinct apes or
monkeys were found in geographic areas where apes and monkeys skeletons
are found in abundance. These skeleton fragments are often deformed by
the same common diseases experienced by people in past centuries
including rickets, starvation, Paget’s disease, syphilis, and arthritis.
Many of these hominid skulls were believed to be ancient ape-men because
the scientists did not know that the normal range of size for modern
human skulls included the same small size as found in the skulls of the
these so-called ape-men. Scientists have found that modern human
skeletons throughout the world differ markedly in the size of the skull
and various bones, but they are still modern humans. There is a fairly
wide range of skull sizes in modern humans which accounts for the
differences discovered in the skull fragments that scientists
previously suggested belonged to a previous ape-man.
The nine “missing links” have been found to
be fossils of well known representatives of the monkey or ape family of
mammals. Each of these fossils were found in areas where monkeys and
apes have lived for thousands of years. The nine so-called hominids (as
evolutionary scientists call them) are listed as follows: i. Pliopithecus;
2. Froconsu;
3.
Dryopithecus; 4. Oreopithecus;
5.
Ramipithecus; 6. Australopithecus
Africanus; 7. Australopithecus Robustus; S. Australopithecus Boisei; 9.
Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy).
The Remaining Three “Missing Links” are
Proven to be Modem Humans
The remaining three “missing links”
presented by evolutionists have recently been proven to be actual fossil
remains of modern humans with no significant differences from our
present human skeletons. These three modern human skeletons were found
in areas where monkeys and apes never existed. These three fossilized
remains that have been proven to belong to modern humans included:
1. Homo Erectus:
His name refers to the demonstrated fact that he walked erect.
The only reason evolutionists suggested he was a sub-human was the fact
that this particular specimen had a somewhat smaller brain size than
some modern humans. However, it has now been proven that the brain of
Homo Erectus was almost the average size of most European men today.
2. Neanderthal
Man: As mentioned earlier, this fossil was examined by medical
experts and found to be a modern human being whose brain was deformed by
the disease of arthritis deformans in addition to suffering ridges on
the brow plus deformed legs as a result of prolonged vitamin D
deficiency or rickets.
3. Cro Magnon Man:
This fossil is indistinguishable from modern man. The sole reason for
supposing that it was that of a primitive cave man was the fact that it
was found near a series of cave drawings that were considered primitive.
The final result of this analysis of the
evidence regarding these missing links of evolutionary evidence, for the
transition from apes to modern man, is that the evidence for evolution
itself is missing. The evolutionary scientists have failed to find a
single genuine transitional form between apes and men despite their
constant search during the last 150 years.
The Anthropic Principle
In the last few decades scientists
have increased their understanding of the known universe through
massive additions to our scientific knowledge in a variety of fields
including astrophysics, quantumphysics, and microbiological
genetic research. The sum total of our scientific knowledge is now
doubling every twenty-four months — a staggering increase in information
unprecedented in human history. We are surely witnessing the
fulfillment of the curious prediction of the prophet Daniel made
twenty-five centuries ago: “Seal the book, even to the time of the end:
many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased” (Daniel
12:4).
Among the new
discoveries made by science recently, one of the most fascinating is
called the anthropic principle. This anthropic principle simply
concludes that a staggering number of scientific variables such as the
composition of our atmosphere, the distance from the sun, the chemical
composition of soil are precisely what is necessary for life to exist
and prosper.
Recent discoveries in the field of
astronomy, for example, prove that human life could not survive if our
solar system was even slightly different. An astronomer, Dr. Jastrow,
declared that even a small increase in the nuclear forces that hold
together all atoms would result in a universe of stars composed
primarily of helium instead of the present universe in which stars are
made of hydrogen. In a universe with slightly increased nuclear forces
the helium stars would have burned up much more quickly than our
hydrogen stars. If the nuclear forces were slightly less, the carbon
atoms would not have formed. Without carbon atoms, life could not exist.
The same anthropic principle can be seen in
the other scientific variables such as the force of gravity which would
make life impossible if the force were either much greater or much less.
The communication between every one of the trillion cells in our body is
based on the earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, a reduction of the
strength of this magnetic field beyond a certain level would make
biological life impossible. Life could not exist if our earth was either
too close or too far from the sun which provides the necessities of
life through a complete spectrum of radiation including visible light.
The twenty-four hour rotation of our planet facilitates life. If the
planet did not rotate one half of the globe would be desolate under the
constant glare of the sun and the other half would freeze in perpetual
darkness. In sum total, the scientists have concluded that there are
dozens of these scientific factors that are precisely correct to
facilitate life on this planet.
Professor Jastrow suggests that “the
universe was constructed within very narrow limits, in such a way that
man could dwell in it.” 19 In other words, this evidence
in support of the anthropic principle strongly argues that our universe
and earth were designed for the life of man by an intelligent and
supernaturally powerful Creator. The evidence of brilliant design
demands that an intelligent Designer must have created that design,
namely God. The recent discoveries of science provide overwhelming
evidence that the simplistic view of the atheists that our universe and
life could have arisen by random chance over billions of years is
scientifically false. In summary these scientific discoveries demolish
the evolutionary theory of the formation of life by random chance.
These discoveries provide incontrovertible evidence that an intelligent
Creator purposely designed and created both the universe and life
itself.
Dr. Chandra Wickramasinghe suggested that
the anthropic principle strongly supported the theory of special
creation, as opposed to evolution. When he was asked if his scientific
research proved that Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was fatally
flawed, he agreed. When asked how he would evaluate the scientific
arguments of the Creationists, who suggest that only God could have
created the universe and life itself, Dr. Wickramasingbe responded,
“You mean the arguments that are justifications of their position? I
think they have a very good case by and large.” 20
Reference Notes:
3. 8. G. Ranganathan, Origins?
(Carlisle: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1988) 11.
4. David Humphreys, speech, “Evidence
for a Creator,” University of Waterloo, Canada, July 12. 1997.
5.Chandra Wickramasinghe, The Intellectuals Speak Out About Cod
(Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1984) 25-29.
6. Chandra Wickramasinghe, The
Intellectuals Speak Out About God (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1984)
29.
7. A. E. Wilder-Smith, The
Illustrated Origins Answer Book (Gilbert AZ: Eden Communications,
1995) 25.
8. Fred Hoyle, “Hoyle on Evolution,”
Nature, vol. 294 (12 November 1981) 105.
9. Wendt, Herbert, From Ape to Man
(New York: The Bubbs Merril Co., 1972) 59.
10. Charles Darwin, The Origin of
Species (London: J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1971) 292—293.
11. Henry, M. Morris, Evolution and
the Modern Christian (Phillipsburg, NJ: Presbyterian and Reformed
Publishing Co., 1988).
12. Jay Gold Stephen, Natural History
(May 1977) 14.
13. Ronald R. West, Compass, vol.
45 (1968) 216.
14. Duane T. Gish, Evolution: The
Fossils still say No! (El Cajon, CA.: Institute For Creation
Research, 1993) 326.
15. Duane T. Gish, The Amazing
Story of Creation from Science and the Bible (El Cajon, CA:
Institute for Creation Research, 1990) Si.
16. Duane T. Gish, Evolution: The
Fossils still say No! (El Cajon, CA.: Institute For Creation
Research, 1995) 326.
17. Duane T. Gish, The Amazing
Story of Creation from Science and the Bible (El Cajon, CA:
Institute for Creation Research, 1990) 83.
18. Garth Nelson, Lucy’s Child
(New York: William Morrow and Co., 1989) 74.
19. Robert Jastrow, The
Intellectuals Speak Out About God (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1984)
100—103.
20. Chandra Wickramasinghe, The
Intellectuals Speak Out About God (Chicago: Regnery Gateway, 1984)
36.
And on the issue of creation of the Universe itself...
“It would be very difficult to explain why the universe should have begun in just this way, except as the act of a God who intended to create beings like us.” Stephen Hawking
“The multiverse idea rests on assumptions that would be laughed out of town if they came from a religious text.” Atlantic Monthly
“A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question.” Sir Fred Hoyle
An article in U.S. News & World Report
remarks, “So far no theory is even close
to explaining why physical laws exist,
much less why they take the form they do. Standard big bang theory, for example, essentially
explains the propitious universe in
this way: ‘Well, we got lucky.’ ”1
If someone won even two lotteries
consecutively, we would all assume the
results were rigged. And yet, when it comes
to life existing in our universe, the odds are
far more remote than winning a hundred
Powerball lotteries consecutively.
Physicist Paul Davies comments, “The
conclusion must be that we live in a world
of astronomical unlikelihood.”2
Donald Page of Princeton’s Institute for
Advanced Study has calculated that the
odds against our universe randomly taking
a form suitable for life is one out of 10124 , a
number beyond imagination.3
1. Gregg Easterbrook, “Before the Big
Bang,” U.S. News & World Report, special
edition, 2003, 16.
2. Paul Davies, Other Worlds (London: Penguin,
1990), 169.
3. Dietrick E. Thompsen, “The Quantum
Universe: A Zero-Point Fluctuation?” Science
News, August 3, 1985, 73.
Molecular Biology: The Evolution of Complex Organs “If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.” Charles Darwin
Evolution part of Eugenics plot to control and depopulate.
The number of intermediate varieties, which have formerly existed on the earth, (must) be truly enormous. Why then is not every geological formation and every stratum full of such intermediate links? Geology assuredly does not reveal any such finely graduated organic chain; and this, perhaps, is the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory.